Problem Set: Papabuco
Consonants
Natalie Operstein
University of
California, Los Angeles
Compare
the cognates from Zaniza Zapotec and Texmelucan Zapotec, languages from the Papabuco
branch of Zapotec spoken in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Reconstruct the
consonant inventory of Proto-Papabuco and state the
sound changes that have taken place in each language.
In the
following examples, double vowels (vv)
represent laryngealized vowels, and vowels followed
by a raised comma (v') represent
checked (glottalized) vowels. Do not attempt to reconstruct the vowels, and ignore the material in brackets.
|
Zaniza Zapotec
|
Texmelucan Zapotec
|
Gloss
|
|
tib
|
tub
|
‘one’
|
|
tʃup
|
cup
|
‘two’
|
|
ʂun
|
tʃon
|
‘three’
|
|
tap
|
tap
|
‘four’
|
|
gadʒ
|
gaɟ
|
‘seven’
|
|
ʃuɲ
|
ʃuɲ
|
‘eight’
|
|
gal
|
gal
|
‘twenty’
|
|
baɲ tʃug
|
baɲ cug
|
‘animal’
|
|
ʐiɲ
|
dʒiɲ
|
‘deer’
|
|
ʎez
|
lez
|
‘possum’
|
|
biʂ
|
bitʃ
|
‘rabbit’
|
|
gup
|
gop
|
‘armadillo’
|
|
biɾiz
|
bɾiiz
|
‘squirrel’
|
|
biziɲ
|
bziɲ
|
‘mouse, rat’
|
|
ʂigud
|
tʃigud
|
‘cattle’
|
|
kuʂ
|
kutʃ
|
‘pig’
(< Sp. cuchi)
|
|
ʂigiɲ
|
tʃiɟiɲ
|
‘bird’
|
|
bisi
|
psi
|
‘eagle’
|
|
bijah
|
bjak
|
‘crow’
|
|
kol
|
kol
|
‘turkey’
|
|
tʃez
|
teez
|
‘nest’
|
|
bitʃa'
|
pca'
|
‘louse’
|
|
gwi
|
gwii
|
‘black widow’
|
|
uɲe
|
gunẽ
|
‘scorpion’
|
|
bijeȥ
|
bjadʒ
|
‘leafcutter ant’
|
|
ula
|
gula
|
‘caterpillar’
|
|
ɲe
|
ne
|
‘tail’
|
|
be'j
|
be'j
|
‘mushroom’
|
|
dub
|
dub
|
‘maguey’
|
|
bitʃuʃ
|
pcuʃ
|
‘tomato’
|
|
get
|
ɟet
|
‘squash’
|
|
giɲ
|
ɟiɲ
|
‘chili’
|
|
biʐiʐ
|
bdʒidʒ
|
‘pineapple’
|
|
ʎe'w
|
le'w
|
‘zapote’
|
|
uɾwi zi
|
uɾwi zi
|
‘lemon’
|
|
geʂ
|
ɟetʃ
|
‘thorn’
|
|
ʎag
|
ʎag
|
‘leaf’
|
|
ʃig
|
ʃig
|
‘pine cone’
|
|
giʒ
|
ɟiʒ
|
‘grass’
|
|
kwal
|
kwel
|
‘corn husk’
|
|
ʎuʂ
|
ʎutʃ
|
‘corn silk’
|
|
mbetʃ
|
mbec
|
‘people’
|
|
mbaʎ
|
mbaʎ
|
‘godfather’
(< Sp. compadre)
|
|
zan
|
zan
|
‘opposite-sex sibling’
|
|
ih
|
ik
|
‘head’
|
|
ɾu'
|
ɾu'
|
‘mouth’
|
|
ʎuʐ
|
ʎudʒ
|
‘tongue’
|
|
ladʒ
|
laɟ
|
‘heart, liver’
|
|
ʎidʒ
|
liɟ
|
‘placenta’
|
|
(ŋ)gidʒ
|
(ɲ)ɟiɟ
|
‘navel’
|
|
tʃib
|
tib
|
‘knee’
|
|
ɾeɲ
|
ɾeɲ
|
‘blood’
|
|
tʃi'
|
ti'
|
‘voice’
|
|
ɲedʒ
|
neɟ
|
‘clothes’
|
|
gwan
|
gwan
|
‘mirror; glasses’
|
|
beh
|
bek
|
‘necklace’
|
|
biʐiɲ
|
bdʒiɲ
|
‘foam’
|
|
bigu
|
bgu
|
‘knot’
|
|
giʃ
|
ɟiʃ
|
‘net’
|
|
kwit
|
kwit
|
‘side, wall’
|
|
bisi'ɲ
|
psi'ɲ
|
‘tile; shard’
|
|
dʒa'n
|
ɟa'n
|
‘plate’
|
|
kwi
|
kwi
|
‘food’
|
|
git
|
ɟit
|
‘tortilla’
|
|
kub
|
kub
|
‘dough’
|
|
nidʒ
|
niɟ
|
‘milk’
|
|
keʒ
|
ceʒ
|
‘cheese’
(< Sp. queso)
|
|
nap
|
nap
|
‘good’
|
|
kidʒ
|
ciɟ
|
‘hard’
|
|
zig
|
zig
|
‘hot’
|
|
dʒa
|
ɟa
|
‘high’
|
|
tʃuʐ
|
cudʒ
|
‘slippery’
|
|
ʐeʂ
|
dʒetʃ
|
‘rough’
|
|
uʒ
|
uʒ
|
‘small, fine’
|
|
ʎa
|
ʎa
|
‘bitter’
|
|
ɲa
|
ɲa
|
‘red’
|
|
kit
|
cit
|
‘well, good’
|
|
mi'
|
mi'
|
‘small’
|
|
iʎ
|
iʎ
|
‘big’
|
|
waʂ
|
watʃ
|
‘dry’
|
|
ʎi
|
li
|
‘straight’
|
|
maʒ
|
maʒ
|
‘tame’
(< Sp. manso)
|
|
tʃiʎ
|
tiiʎ
|
‘upside down’
|
|
ulas
|
gulas
|
‘previously’
|
|
ʎes
|
les
|
‘a
long time’
|
|
kwe'
|
kwe'
|
‘(do)
not’
|
|
sal
|
sal
|
‘to wet’
|
|
kaʂ
|
katʃ
|
‘to hide’
|
|
laʒ
|
laʒ
|
‘to end’
|
|
ded
|
ded
|
‘to cross’
|
|
nak
|
nah
|
‘to be’
|
|
nis
|
nis
|
‘water’
|
|
gej
|
ɟej
|
‘rain’
|
|
uzi
|
guzii
|
‘thunder’
|
|
do gwiʐ
|
doo gwidʒ
|
‘sun’
|
|
dʒaaw
|
ɟoow
|
‘river’
|
|
ɲez
|
nez
|
‘road’
|
|
dʒuʒ
|
(ɲ)ɟooʒ
|
‘God’
(< Sp. dios)
|
|
ju' weʐ
|
ju' wedʒ
|
‘church’
|
|
sa'
|
sa'
|
‘party’
|
|
ɲa'n
|
ɲa'n
|
‘year’
|
|
uʐe
|
gudʒe
|
‘afternoon’
|
|
ki
|
ci
|
‘crime, fault’
|
|
lola'
|
lola'
|
‘Oaxaca’
|
[Data
for Zaniza Zapotec are from the author's fieldwork and
for Texmelucan Zapotec are from Speck, Charles. 1978.
The phonology of Texmelucan
Zapotec verb irregularity. University of North Dakota M.A. Thesis and Speck,
Charles. 2005. Vocabulario zapoteco (parte zapoteco-español). Summer Institute of Linguistics
Manuscript]
Suggested Reconstruction
|
Zaniza Zapotec
|
Texmelucan Zapotec
|
Gloss
|
Reconstruction
|
|
tʃup
|
cup
|
‘two’
|
*p
|
|
tap
|
tap
|
‘four’
|
|
|
gup
|
gop
|
‘armadillo’
|
|
|
nap
|
nap
|
‘good’
|
|
|
baɲ tʃug
|
baɲ cug
|
‘animal’
|
*b
|
|
biʂ
|
bitʃ
|
‘rabbit’
|
|
|
be'j
|
be'j
|
‘mushroom’
|
|
|
mbetʃ
|
mbec
|
‘people’
|
|
|
tib
|
tub
|
‘one’
|
|
|
dub
|
dub
|
‘maguey’
|
|
|
kub
|
kub
|
‘dough’
|
|
|
bigu
|
bgu
|
‘knot’
|
|
|
biʐiɲ
|
bdʒiɲ
|
‘foam’
|
|
|
bijah
|
bjak
|
‘crow’
|
|
|
bijeʐ
|
bjadʒ
|
‘leafcutter ant’
|
|
|
biɾiz
|
bɾiiz
|
‘squirrel’
|
|
|
biziɲ
|
bziɲ
|
‘mouse, rat’
|
|
|
bitʃa'
|
pca'
|
‘louse’
|
|
|
bitʃuʃ
|
pcuʃ
|
‘tomato’
|
|
|
bisi
|
psi
|
‘eagle’
|
|
|
bisi'ɲ
|
psi'ɲ
|
‘tile; shard’
|
|
|
tib
|
tub
|
‘one’
|
*t
|
|
tap
|
tap
|
‘four’
|
|
|
git
|
ɟit
|
‘tortilla’
|
|
|
kit
|
cit
|
‘well, good’
|
|
|
kwit
|
kwit
|
‘side, wall’
|
|
|
do gwiʐ
|
doo gwidʒ
|
‘sun’
|
*d
|
|
dub
|
dub
|
‘maguey’
|
|
|
ded
|
ded
|
‘to cross’
|
|
|
ʂigud
|
tʃigud
|
‘cattle’
|
|
|
kaʂ
|
katʃ
|
‘to hide’
|
*k
|
|
kol
|
kol
|
‘turkey’
|
|
|
kuʂ
|
kutʃ
|
‘pig’
|
|
|
kub
|
kub
|
‘dough’
|
|
|
keʒ
|
ceʒ
|
‘cheese’
|
|
|
kidʒ
|
ciɟ
|
‘hard’
|
|
|
kit
|
cit
|
‘well, good’
|
|
|
ki
|
ci
|
‘crime; fault’
|
|
|
ih
|
ik
|
‘head’
|
|
|
beh
|
bek
|
‘necklace’
|
|
|
nah
|
nak
|
‘to be’
|
|
|
bijah
|
bjak
|
‘crow’
|
|
|
gal
|
gal
|
‘twenty’
|
*g
|
|
gadʒ
|
gaɟ
|
‘seven’
|
|
|
gup
|
gop
|
‘armadillo’
|
|
|
ʂigud
|
tʃigud
|
‘cattle’
|
|
|
bigu
|
bgu
|
‘knot’
|
|
|
zig
|
zig
|
‘hot’
|
|
|
ʃig
|
ʃig
|
‘pine cone’
|
|
|
baɲ tʃug
|
baɲ cug
|
‘animal’
|
|
|
git
|
ɟit
|
‘tortilla’
|
|
|
giɲ
|
ɟiɲ
|
‘chili’
|
|
|
giʃ
|
ɟiʃ
|
‘net’
|
|
|
(ŋ)gidʒ
|
(ɲ)ɟiɟ
|
‘navel’
|
|
|
gej
|
ɟej
|
‘rain’
|
|
|
geʂ
|
ɟetʃ
|
‘thorn’
|
|
|
get
|
ɟet
|
‘squash’
|
|
|
uzi
|
guzii
|
‘thunder’
|
|
|
uʐe
|
gudʒe
|
‘afternoon’
|
|
|
uɲe
|
gunẽ
|
‘scorpion’
|
|
|
ula
|
gula
|
‘caterpillar’
|
|
|
ulas
|
gulas
|
‘previously’
|
|
|
kwit
|
kwit
|
‘side, wall’
|
*kw
|
|
kwi
|
kwi
|
‘food’
|
|
|
kwe'
|
kwe'
|
‘(do)
not’
|
|
|
kwal
|
kwel
|
‘corn husk’
|
|
|
gwan
|
gwan
|
‘mirror; glasses’
|
*gw
|
|
gwi
|
gwii
|
‘black widow’
|
|
|
do gwiʐ
|
doo gwidʒ
|
‘sun’
|
|
|
tʃup
|
cup
|
‘two’
|
*c
|
|
tʃuʐ
|
cudʒ
|
‘slippery’
|
|
|
baɲ tʃug
|
baɲ cug
|
‘animal’
|
|
|
bitʃa'
|
pca'
|
‘louse’
|
|
|
bitʃuʃ
|
pcuʃ
|
‘tomato’
|
|
|
mbetʃ
|
mbec
|
‘people’
|
|
|
tʃi'
|
ti'
|
‘voice’
|
|
|
tʃib
|
tib
|
‘knee’
|
|
|
tʃiʎ
|
tiiʎ
|
‘upside down’
|
|
|
tʃez
|
teez
|
‘nest’
|
|
|
dʒa
|
ɟa
|
‘high’
|
*ɟ
|
|
dʒa'n
|
ɟa'n
|
‘plate’
|
|
|
dʒaaw
|
ɟoow
|
‘river’
|
|
|
dʒuʒ
|
(ø)ɟooZ
|
‘God’
|
|
|
gadʒ
|
gaɟ
|
‘seven’
|
|
|
ladʒ
|
laɟ
|
‘heart, liver’
|
|
|
ɲedʒ
|
neɟ
|
‘clothes’
|
|
|
nidʒ
|
niɟ
|
‘milk’
|
|
|
(ŋ)gidʒ
|
(ɲ)ɟiɟ
|
‘navel’
|
|
|
ɾu'
|
ɾu'
|
‘mouth’
|
*ɾ
|
|
ɾeɲ
|
ɾeɲ
|
‘blood’
|
|
|
biɾiz
|
bɾiiz
|
‘squirrel’
|
|
|
uɾwi zi
|
uɾwi zi
|
‘lemon’
|
|
|
ʂun
|
tʃon
|
‘three’
|
*tʃ
|
|
ʂigud
|
tʃigud
|
‘cattle’
|
|
|
ʂigiɲ
|
tʃiɟiɲ
|
‘bird’
|
|
|
biʂ
|
bitʃ
|
‘rabbit’
|
|
|
ʐeʂ
|
dʒetʃ
|
‘rough’
|
|
|
ʎuʂ
|
ʎutʃ
|
‘corn silk’
|
|
|
kuʂ
|
kutʃ
|
‘pig’
|
|
|
ʐiɲ
|
dʒiɲ
|
‘deer’
|
*dʒ
|
|
biʐiʐ
|
bdʒidʒ
|
‘pineapple’
|
|
|
biʐiɲ
|
bdʒiɲ
|
‘foam’
|
|
|
bijeʐ
|
bjadʒ
|
‘leafcutter ant’
|
|
|
ʎuʐ
|
ʎudʒ
|
‘tongue’
|
|
|
ju' weʐ
|
ju' wedʒ
|
‘church’
|
|
|
sa'
|
sa'
|
‘party’
|
*s
|
|
sal
|
sal
|
‘to wet’
|
|
|
bisi
|
psi
|
‘eagle’
|
|
|
bisi'ɲ
|
psi'ɲ
|
‘tile; shard’
|
|
|
nis
|
nis
|
‘water’
|
|
|
ulas
|
gulas
|
‘previously’
|
|
|
zan
|
zan
|
‘opp.-sex sibling’
|
*z
|
|
zig
|
zig
|
‘hot’
|
|
|
uɾwi zi
|
uɾwi zi
|
‘lemon’
|
|
|
uzi
|
guzii
|
‘thunder’
|
|
|
biziɲ
|
bziɲ
|
‘mouse, rat’
|
|
|
ʎez
|
lez
|
‘possum’
|
|
|
ɲez
|
nez
|
‘road’
|
|
|
biɾiz
|
bɾiiz
|
‘squirrel’
|
|
|
ʃuɲ
|
ʃuɲ
|
‘eight’
|
*ʃ
|
|
ʃig
|
ʃig
|
‘pine cone’
|
|
|
giʃ
|
ɟiʃ
|
‘net’
|
|
|
bitʃuʃ
|
pcuʃ
|
‘tomato’
|
|
|
uʒ
|
uʒ
|
‘small, fine’
|
*ʒ
|
|
giʒ
|
ɟiʒ
|
‘grass’
|
|
|
laʒ
|
laʒ
|
‘to end’
|
|
|
keʒ
|
ceʒ
|
‘cheese’
|
|
|
mi'
|
mi'
|
‘small’
|
*m
|
|
maʒ
|
maʒ
|
‘tame’
|
|
|
nap
|
nap
|
‘good’
|
*n
|
|
nah
|
nak
|
‘to be’
|
|
|
nis
|
nis
|
‘water’
|
|
|
nidʒ
|
niɟ
|
‘milk’
|
|
|
ȿun
|
tʃon
|
‘three’
|
|
|
ɲa'n
|
ɲa'n
|
‘year’
|
|
|
zan
|
zan
|
‘opp.-sex sibling’
|
|
|
ɲe
|
ne
|
‘tail’
|
|
|
uɲe
|
gunẽ
|
‘scorpion’
|
|
|
ɲedʒ
|
neɟ
|
‘clothes’
|
|
|
ɲez
|
nez
|
‘road’
|
|
|
ɲa
|
ɲa
|
‘red’
|
*ɲ
|
|
ɲa'n
|
ɲa'n
|
‘year’
|
|
|
ʃuɲ
|
ʃuɲ
|
‘eight’
|
|
|
ɾeɲ
|
ɾeɲ
|
‘blood’
|
|
|
baɲ tʃug
|
baɲ cug
|
‘animal’
|
|
|
bisi'ɲ
|
psi'ɲ
|
‘tile; shard’
|
|
|
biziɲ
|
bziɲ
|
‘mouse, rat’
|
|
|
lola'
|
lola'
|
‘Oaxaca’
|
*l
|
|
ladʒ
|
laɟ
|
‘heart, liver’
|
|
|
laʒ
|
laʒ
|
‘to end’
|
|
|
ula
|
gula
|
‘caterpillar’
|
|
|
ulas
|
gulas
|
‘previously’
|
|
|
gal
|
gal
|
‘twenty’
|
|
|
kwal
|
kwel
|
‘corn husk’
|
|
|
kol
|
kol
|
‘turkey’
|
|
|
ʎez
|
lez
|
‘possum’
|
|
|
ʎes
|
les
|
‘a
long time’
|
|
|
ʎe'w
|
le'w
|
‘zapote’
|
|
|
ʎidʒ
|
liɟ
|
‘placenta’
|
|
|
ʎi
|
li
|
‘straight’
|
|
|
ʎa
|
ʎa
|
‘bitter’
|
*ʎ
|
|
ʎag
|
ʎag
|
‘leaf’
|
|
|
ʎuȥ
|
ʎudʒ
|
‘tongue’
|
|
|
ʎuʂ
|
ʎutʃ
|
‘corn silk’
|
|
|
mbaʎ
|
mbaʎ
|
‘godfather’
|
|
|
iʎ
|
iʎ
|
‘big’
|
|
|
waʂ
|
watʃ
|
‘dry’
|
*w
|
|
ju' weʐ
|
ju' wedʒ
|
‘church’
|
|
|
uɾwi zi
|
uɾwi zi
|
‘lemon’
|
|
|
dʒaaw
|
ɟoow
|
‘river’
|
|
|
ʎe'w
|
le'w
|
‘zapote’
|
|
|
ju' weʐ
|
ju' wedʒ
|
‘church’
|
*j
|
|
bijah
|
bjak
|
‘crow’
|
|
|
bijeʐ
|
bjadʒ
|
‘leafcutter ant’
|
|
|
be'j
|
be'j
|
‘mushroom’
|
|
|
gej
|
ɟej
|
‘rain’
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Proto-Papabuco
Consonants
|
|
Labial
|
Alveolar
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
|
Stop
|
*p
*b
|
*t
*d
|
*c
*ɟ
|
*k, *kw
*g, *gw
|
|
Affricate
|
|
|
*tʃ
*dʒ
|
|
|
Fricative
|
|
*s
*z
|
*ʃ
*ʒ
|
|
|
Tap
|
|
*ɾ
|
|
|
|
Nasal
|
*m
|
*n
|
*ɲ
|
|
|
Liquid
|
|
*l
|
*ʎ
|
|
|
Glide
|
*w
|
|
*j
|
|
Sound Changes in Texmelucan Zapotec
|
Description
|
Example in
Texmelucan Zapotec
|
Cognate in
Zaniza Zapotec
|
|
Loss of *i in initial syllables
of certain disyllabic words (creates the context for the next change).
|
bgu
|
bigu
|
|
Devoicing of *b before voiceless consonants.
|
psi
|
bisi
|
|
Palatalization of *k before front vowels.
|
ceʒ
|
keʒ
|
|
Palatalization of *g before front vowels.
|
ɟit
|
git
|
|
Depalatalization of *c before front vowels.
|
ti'
|
tʃi'
|
Sound Changes in Zaniza Zapotec
|
Description
|
Example in
Zaniza Zapotec
|
Cognate in
Texmelucan Zapotec
|
|
Change
of non-initial *k to /h/.
|
ih
|
ik
|
|
Loss of initial *g before /u/ in disyllabic words.
|
ulas
|
gulas
|
|
Affrication of *c.
|
tʃup
|
cup
|
|
Affrication of *ɟ.
|
dʒa
|
ɟa
|
|
Fricativization of *tʃ.
|
ʂun
|
tʃon
|
|
Fricativization of *dʒ.
|
ʐiɲ
|
dʒiɲ
|
|
Palatalization of *n before /e/.
|
ɲez
|
nez
|
|
Palatalization of *l before front vowels.
|
ʎe'w
|
le'w
|
