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Volume 1 Issue 1 (2003)
Working Text: Latinos and Cultural Exchange
De-Facing Mainstream Magazine Covers: The New Faces of Latino/a
Transnational and Transcultural Celebrities
Alberto Sandoval-Sánchez
Professor of Spanish
Mount
Holyoke College, MA
Abstract
This essay was one of three “Working Texts” that
served as catalysts for discussion and debate during the Latinos 2000 conference
held at Dartmouth College in February 2000. It looks at the way nationally circulated
magazines have registered this moment of the so-called “Latin Explosion.”
The author argues that the boom of Latino/a participation and visibility in
the national cultural arena entails more than a crossover into the mainstream.
He offers a critical reading of these magazines in order to raise questions
about how identity, politics, and culture articulate Latino/a experience and
Latinidad in given relations of power.
“Face it: this is going to be a bilingual country.
Back in 1849, the California constitution was written in both Spanish and English,
and we're headed that way again.
“These bilingual, bicultural [Latino/a] kids: isn't
that America? They are amalgams of all kinds of ethnic influences. They are
mirrors. I'm not sure if they are projecting or reflecting, maybe both.”
Christy Haubegger, founder of Latina Magazine
Nineteen ninety-nine will always be remembered as the last year
of the millennium when Latinos/as took over U.S. popular pop culture and its
media. Ricky Martin, Jennifer Lopez, Enrique Iglesias, Mark Anthony, and Cristina
Aguilera skyrocketed to number one in the Billboard Hit Parade. John Leguizamo
starred in Spike Lee’s film The Summer of Sam and received an
Emmy for the HBO production of his Broadway hit Freak. Salma Hayek
was the leading lady on the Hollywood screen in Wild Wild West. Carlos
Santana made a “groovy” comeback with his recording megahit “Supernatural.”
In sports, Sammy Sosa’s record breaking home runs in baseball made him
America’s adopted migrant son. Papi chulo Oscar de la Hoya, who
was the undefeated welterweight champion, lost his title to Felix Trinidad.
His defeat was compensated with his resurgence as a celebrity and sex symbol
on the Spanish speaking network Univision appearing in all type of shows, commercials,
and flirting with the possibility of a Spanish-language album.
In the Anglo-Saxon world of journalism The New York Times
had to make room in its leisure and arts section for the presence and prominence
of Latino culture with articles such as: “On Menus, the Ticket Is Nuevo
Latino” (6 January 1999);“For Latin Music, New Worlds to Conquer”
(24 May 1999);”Another Latin Boom But Different” (27 June 1999);“The
Face and Soul of a Barrio” (5 June 1999);“A Renaissance of Hispanic
Artistry” (15 July 1999);“Latinos Gain Visibility in Cultural Life
of U.S.” (19 September 1999);“Media: After a Summer of High Profile
Coverage of Hispanic Culture, Some Wonder If It Will Last” (October 4
1999). Major national magazines featured Latino special issues with Latinos/as
on the cover: George Magazine named its special section “Latin
Heat!”: Salma Hayek and the New Latino Power Brokers Are Making America
Sizzle” (July 1999); Time called it “Latin Music Goes Pop”
(24 May 1999); and Newsweek concentrated on a new generation of Latinos/as
with a coverage entitled “Latin U.S.A. How Young Hispanics Are Changing
America” (12 July, 1999). Needless to say Ricky with his “Living
La Vida Loca” was the one and only on the covers of People, New
York, Rolling Stone, Playgirl, Interview, TV
Guide, and even in the gay publication The Advocate. On the MTV
Video Music Awards he walked away with five awards, including Best Pop Video.
Latino/a faces and headlines had never appeared on most of these
magazines covers; de hecho, for New York Magazine it was not since
1972 with its issue of Latin soul “The Big Mango: Latin Impact on New
York Style.” On this occasion it went a step further: the magazine surprisingly
changed its logo to Nueva York. It took Time a decade to cover
Latinos since the publication of its special issue in July 1988 (when the Latino
population was merely 15 million)——“Magnifico! Hispanic Culture
Breaks Out of the Barrio.” Then, they declared the Eighties to be the
decade of “Hispanics.”” Such proclamation would not become
effective until the last summer of the millennium, as if it foretold that the
new millennium will be the time for the impetus, accomplishments, and economic
and political impute of a young, talented, and energized Latino/a generation
in the U.S.
This tremendous booming of Latino/a participation and visibility in the
American national cultural arena entails more than a crossover into the
mainstream. Neither this, nor a renaissance of an U.S. Latino/a presence in the
Anglo-American cultural landscape is the outcome of spontaneous combustion, a
passing trend, or a unique phenomenon. It bears witness to the fact that a
demographic change has occurred, a new generation of U.S. Latinos/as has
emerged, and, in a capitalist society as ours, this generation has a high
consuming potential and represent a marketable target in a competitive and
growing national and global economy with the movement of capital and work force.
Statistics prophesy the dramatic growth of the Latino population in the new
millennium: by the year 2005 Latinos will be the largest ethnic minority in the
U.S.; by 2050 they will be nearly one quarter of the entire population.
Presently, the Latino population is 31 million (that is 11% of the entire U.S.
population) mostly living in New Mexico, California, New York, Florida, and
Illinois. For a second generation of Latinos/as (and previous generations of
Chicanos/as) the U.S. is and was always home. They are no crossovers: 60% were
born here and have always spoken English, if not Spanglish.
Latinos/as are a marketable, profitable target, and have a purchasing
and spending power of about $300, 000 billion (500, 000 by the year 2020). Advertising
and media reach-out strategies in Spanish also reflect the fact that el
español is here to stay. Si se habla español, se venden
más productos. Hoy día Spanglish es good business.
Research has confirmed that Latinos/as are devoted buyers, as faithful to one
brand as they are to familia. In the last decade Spanish has become
the most popular foreign language in colleges and universities despite the English
Only movement and the conservative anti-bilingual education campaign in the
West coast and the Southwest. Ironically, in the political arena, George Bush
has displayed his fluency in Spanish and defined himself as a republicano
compasivo to attract Latino/a voters. Are many Latinos/as willing to forget
the rampant republican xenophobia, anti-migration hysteria, and blatant racism
with the republican victory of proposition 187 in California in 1994, which
denied illegal immigrants the right to public school education, health care,
and public social services? The fact is that Latinos/as have become a voting
power, an electoral population that cannot be ignored any more. Their vote will
affect both local and presidential elections now and in the future when considered
that a third of the Latino population is still under 18 and the median age is
26—ten years younger than the general population.
Since the 80s with an increase of refugees and undocumented
aliens from Central America, with a professional Latin American middle class
resettled in Miami—the so called “Hispanic Hollywood” and
“entertainment capital of Latin America”—and other cities,
and with an increase of the usage of Spanish in music, media, advertising, politics,
and urban barrios, American cities have become Latin American cities. In fact,
Miami, Los Angeles, and New York have become the second largest cities of Cuba,
Mexico, and Puerto Rico. 90% of Latinos/as reside in cities. No wonder that
the number one FM radio stations con sabor latino in Los Angeles, New
York, and Chicago are broadcast Latino programming.
Now U.S. Latinos y latinoamericanos all inhabit la
transfrontera; we all live in the borderlands. Transnationalism has supplanted
nationalism. Unfortunately, at a time when technology, the internet, and cable
TV erase geographic distances, the Border between the U.S. and Mexico has been
militarized and illegal trespassers to the Land of Opportunity in search of
the American Dream are being hunted, persecuted, abused, and even killed. Meanwhile
el español is circulating everywhere and a new generation of
Latino/a faces in pop culture has invaded the mainstream cultural imaginary.
No other media idiom registers this historical moment of the so-called “Latinization
of America” and “Latin Explosion” as Anglo hegemonic national
magazines do. It is crucial to unpack all these magazine covers in order to
put into practice a critical reading of hegemonic ways of seeing and to raise
questions about how race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, identity, politics, and
culture articulate Latino/a experience and Latinidad in given relations of power.
For many Latinos/as this is a much awaited time of celebration
and pride. By identifying with these celebrities, many Latinos/as see their
cross over not simply as a sign of tokenism or a trendy Latin music craze. It
evidences the presence and visibility of a new generation which cannot be marginalized,
silenced, and underrepresented. Although these Latino/a superstars emblematize
what it means to be a Latino/a in the entertainment world of globalization,
they also put into question who is Latino/a, what is Latino identity, and which
images of Latinidad predominate and circulate. No sólo eso,
but it is necessary to question what is gained or lost in the act of crossing
over? How much room is there for agency and transculturation when assimilation
and English dominance are determining factors for stardom in the U.S.? Can Latinos/as
be truly bilingual and bicultural in the entertainment industry? Can they escape
dominant stereotypes of the “Latin domestic or foreign Other” ?
Why are Latinos/as, like African Americans, relegated to perform and succeed
primarily in music and sports? When looking as a whole all the magazines with
Latino/a faces on the covers in 1999, how significant is it to observe whose
faces are not there, what is left out, and how Latino/a identity and culture
are represented through the faces of these stars? Most important, as Mireya
Navarro stated sagaciously in an article published in the New York Times,
4 October 1999, “But how much coverage of Latinos--and what kind of coverage—can
be expected after this Latin summer?”
There is no doubt that the tragic death of Selena in 1995 woke
up the Anglo media and entertainment industry when millions of her Latino/a
fans mourned her passing. People Magazine’s coverage of the Latina
star sold out overnight and a special tribute sold one million copies. Noticing
the posthumous beatification of Selena—including the release of a cross
over album with only six or seven songs in English—led the Anglo music
business world to “discover” the marketing and consuming potential
of Latinos/as not only in the U.S. but in Latin America. Selena represented
a Latino/a generation that could not be ignored and remain invisible in the
Anglo cultural domain. Her brown face and skin, her bilingual and bicultural
condition, her Mexican roots, her Tex-Mex music, her humble class origin, her
mestiza identity, her border experience, made her the most monumental
symbol for Latinos/as in the U.S.. Selena will always be irreplaceable. If on
the one hand, there will always be a void in the Latino archives
of memory for what she never got to accomplish, on the other hand, she crossed
social, cultural, and color barriers and opened the doors to the Latino renaissance
that has taken over the Anglo entertainment industry. In a certain way, both
Jennifer and Ricky are where they are thanks to Selena. Jennifer’s portrayal
of Selena in the movie Selena launched her acting career to celebrity
status in the Anglo cinematic world while her superb impersonation of Selena
made her a Latina heroine and role model. As for Ricky, he was in the group
Menudo which made him a teenage idol in the Spanish language music world. In
a way, he achieved the cross over move into the English market that Selena planned
to conquer when killed. As a journalist observed in an article published in
New York Magazine, September 1999,“Selena begat Jennifer (Menudo,
of course, begat Ricky)” (23). Of course, I would add, Selena also begat
Ricky.
What all these young Latino/a stars have in common is more than
charisma, sex appeal, and electrifying personalities. They constitute a new
Latino/a generation which is bilingual and bicultural. In each particular case,
every one of them represents a border identity, a dual world of transculturation.
Jennifer grew up in the Bronx submerged in Puerto Rican culture, in constant
interaction with African Americans, and educated in the Anglo educational system.
Mark Anthony grew up in El Barrio. Both have experienced marginality and both
are proud of their Puerto Rican background. They are Puerto Ricans and they
are Latinos/as, that is, they embrace their national and ethnic identities as
well as a U.S. pan-Latino identity. In a way they are similar to Selena, they
inhabit the geo-political and cultural site of la frontera/el barrio
where identities are always in the making, in fusion, processual, contradictory,
heterogeneous, and porous. These transcultural identities are usually invalidated
by Anglos and Latin Americans who claim to have a monolithic and homogeneous
national identity. For example, Salma Hayek disqualified Jennifer as a Latina
because she was born in New York and has no Spanish accent. This nationalist
and hispanophillic way of thinking places us in the dangerous terrain of cultural
authenticity and assertion of superiority. Who has the right to make such judgments
when taken into consideration that in spite of Anglo imperialism, imposed assimilation
in the educational apparatus with its English only enforcement, and domestic
colonialism, the Spanish language and Latino culture in the U.S. have survived
through the centuries? It is necessary to emphasize the cultural fusion and
exchanges between U.S. Latino culture and Latin America. It is incredible that
Jennifer, Mark Anthony, la India have crossed over to the Spanish market and
have become the idols of salsa and Caribbean rhythms and sensibility. As a result,
U.S. Latinos/as are being exposed to Spanish language as well as to Latin American
culture and music. In this world of global techno-communication, Shakira, Elvis
Crespo, Enrique Iglesias, Mana, Carlos Vives, Chayanne, Talia, and many other
rock and pop stars, including Ricky, have all contributed to the construction
and production of U.S. Latino/a identity and the reconnection and recovery of
their Latin American roots. The problem is that they have appropriated the category
“Latino/a” as they have relocated in Miami; consequently, marginalizing
and excluding talented U.S. Latinos/as. An exception is Cristina Aguilera, a
born again “ultra blond” Latina, who is starting to record in Spanish
after her smash hit “Genio en la botella.” She is even
learning Spanish for her complete cross over into Latin America and Spain.
It must be emphasized that Ricky is an exceptional case. His
primary identity is that of a Puerto Rican who received a bilingual education
in the Island and grew up listening to Anglo music. If U.S. Latinos/as are conditioned
by the dynamics of domestic colonialism, Ricky must be placed within the context
of imperial colonialism. Given that he has crossed over to the English music
world, he is seen as a foreigner who has a good command of English, contributing
in this way to perpetuate the stereotype of Latinos/as as foreigners and recent
immigrants. At work here are two main issues: 1) his nationalistic posture and
his promise to never assimilate, to never give up his Spanish language and culture,
dismisses Puerto Rico’s colonial status where Puerto Rican sovereignty
is nonexistent and acculturation seems to be inevitable for many; and 2) his
ignorance of racism in the U.S. and how Puerto Ricans are seen as people of
color distances him from the trials and tribulations of U.S. Latinos/as in respect
to their economic and social inequality. The second issue merits some specific
attention for comprehending his socio-political positioning in the U.S. Latino
geo-political landscape. In an interview in New York Magazine, June
1999, when asked for his opinion about U.S. Puerto Rican writer Esmeralda Santiago’s
statement made in Time, May 1999—that dark skinned Latins still
cannot land a contract—his response shows how unattached he is from the
U.S. Puerto Rican experience in matters of race and class and how ignorant he
is about the experiences of people of color in the U.S.:
I can’t get anymore Latin! It’s
so racist to say that because you are dark skinned you cannot make it in America.
Whoever wrote that should go to jail or at least get sued. It makes me angry.
People forget that there’s a long list of artists who have been doing
this for so many years, like Jose Feliciano, Gloria Estefan, Santana played
Woodstock! So this so-called led Latin movement isn’t new. There are a
lot of artists in Latin America who have all the tools to cross over. It will
happen. It’s just not there yet. (45)
First of all, he does not understand the complexity of racism
in the U.S.; second, he takes for certain Latino/a visibility, participation,
and accessibility to opportunity in the entertainment industry by only naming
three celebrities; third, he overlooks the history of racism and stereotyping
on Broadway, Hollywood, and television; and fourth, for him a Latino is someone
from Latin America. Martin, like Salma and most of the entertainment community
in Miami, identifies a priori with Latin Americans rather than with U.S. Latinos/as.
And, that the entertainment world fetishizes white bodies according to their
own practices and ideologies of racism. There are more white faces to come among
the Latin American cross overs. Wait until Talia, Carlos Ponce, Elvis Crespo,
and others make their debut in English. The question is who is crossing over,
which faces are represented? Where is Selena’s face? Santiago was right
when pointing out in her Time interview that the new pop Latin wave
could use some skin-tone diversity: “It’s fascinating to me, and
a little upsetting, that this is still the white face of the Caribbean. I’m
sure that there are equally talented and gifted artists out there whose facial
features don’t conform as much to the European ideal” (78). Like
Santiago’s point of view, some have noticed how Jennifer has whitened:
she has become more polished, articulate, refined, and “blonded.”
In New York Magazine, September 1999, she herself has stated: “I’ve
actually changed the way I talked, I’ve changed the way I move my hands”
(67). Under this pressure, what has the Latina face sacrificed to become the
face of L’Oreal? Being the notion of beauty a social construct and whiteness
a sign of power, it is meaningful here to consider how does the Caucasian and
European model of beauty and race mold Latino/a faces in their cross over? In
addition, where are the Chicano/a faces when 60% of the Latino population are
Mexican Americans? Where are the Black Latinos/as? Where are the “Amerindian”/mestizo/a
faces? How can difference be acknowledged, without essentializing identity,
in such heterogeneous, hybrid, and diverse ethnic and racial populations? How
inclusive can Latino/a identity be when twenty two nations are at stake with
their own definitions of nationalism, ethnicity, and race—a predicament
that is also applicable to U.S. Latinos in all their plurality?
As with race, when discussing U.S. Latino/a identity, the issue
of class must be tackled. Crossing over implies social mobility and making it
big. For U.S. Latinos/as performers, like Jennifer and Mark Anthony, and even
for Selena, who have working class baggage, their success materializes the American
Dream. By accentuating the individual aspect of “if-I-made-it-others-can,”
these superstars erase and overlook socio-historical factors that affect Latino
reality in the U.S. For example, on a visit to a grade school in Queens, Jennifer
promotes such an ideology universalizing and ahistorizing her own experience:
“I’m here to tell you--because I started out exactly were you are--don’t
let anyone tell you you can’t do anything you want, because you can”
(cited in Elle, July 1999, 169) Actually, how many Latinos/as can really
make it? It is amazing that the new generation identifies with these cross over
dreams of fame and affluence. Latino/a pop stars have become cultural heroes,
a source of inspiration, pride, and cultural affirmation. Latino/a fans believe
in them, los adoran. Even when some celebrities, like Salma, have class
biases. In an interview published in George, July 1999, she comments
to the journalist after Latinos asked her for autographs the following: “I’d
rather see people selling my autographs than robbing houses” (188).
Returning to the issues of Latino/a identity and representation,
besides race and class, sexuality cannot be left aside for two reasons: the
extreme gendered behavior that characterizes masculinity and femininity in the
Latin American and U.S. Latino communities and the constant behavioral exhibit
of compulsory heterosexuality. All these idols are regulated and defined by
the demands of heterosexual politics and horizon of expectations which makes
of them sex symbols. For example, Jennifer has been called a seductive and voluptuous
goddess, a supreme bombshell, images that make of her body a site of eroticism,
desire, pleasure, and exoticism. Both Jennifer and Salma in publicity photographs
have rendered their bodies sexually desirable as if they were Playboy centerfolds.
(See Elle and Vibe). As for Jennifer, her biggest asset in
mainstream culture is her ass. Sadly, she has become a target of sexist, chauvinist,
and racist jokes. Even in major music award shows as MTV Music Awards and American
Music Awards the male hosts opened the event with vulgar and humiliating jokes
about her body shape; and VH1 in its Pop-Up Video program overdoes the usage
of the preposition “but” to ridicule, and I would accentuate, further
humiliate, the rising Latina pop star. It has become such an obsession that
this kind of vulgar behavior must be read within the parameters of the Eurocentric
imperialist gaze of the Other. In this context, Jennifer represents the stereotype
of passion, uncontrollable desire, corporeal abundance, and sexual energy that
characterizes people of color. Her ass echoes the European fascination with
the HOTTENTOT VENUS: her body is turned into a spectacular object embodying
the racist spectacle of the Other. To gain her agency, she has been forced to
justify and explain her racial and ethnic body:
I look at it in a positive way [‘cause
I’m representing’]... women out there who are shaped like me are
not ashamed of it. And [it’s] nothing to be ashamed of. All the women
in my family looked exactly the way I do and I though they were the most beautiful
things in the world. (Elle, July 1999, 188).
She can only hope for the time when her butt will not further
be the center of attraction and attention: “I would love to read an article
where it is not even mentioned” (Vibe, August 1999, 104).
Jennifer’s struggle with racial stereotypes and sexism
also cannot be disconnected from the dominant Hollywood stereotypes of Latinas
as spitfires, femme fatales, and bombshells. Within the Anglo cultural imaginary
the stereotypical images of Carmen Miranda, Lupe Velez, Rita Moreno, Dolores
del Rio, and Charo can be accessed, activated, and put into circulation at any
given moment. More than Jennifer, Salma, who is the cover girl for Revlon, with
her Spanish accent perpetuates the image of U.S. Latinos/as as foreign Other
and immigrants (like Maria and the Sharks in West Side Story). (This
also applies to Antonio Banderas, Sammy Sosa, Shakira, and Ricky.) Racist stereotypes
are put in circulation even with Salma when a journalist describes her in the
following fashion: ”Hayek regards me with the stone cold face of an Aztec
goddess.” (George, July 1999, 87) The star, a daughter of a retired
opera singer and a successful Lebanese business man cannot escape American racism.
She can only be conceived in racial terms: she has a racialized face, the face
of the Aztec race is superimposed over the glamorous face of Revlon.
In the Anglo cultural web of Latin stereotypes even Ricky gets
entangled. Because his hip shaking and agitated erotic rhythm of his pelvis
allude to Latino sexuality, he becomes a sex object that embodies the ultimate
representation of exotic masculinity, unequivocally projecting the image of
the Latin lover living his “vida loca.” He is framed within
images of passion, chaos, fiesta, pleasure, noise, liberation—a state
of being and doing that is opposite to the Anglo rational world and controlled
body language. Despite his own commitment and mission to undo stereotypes, Ricky
will have a long journey to walk for implementing his political agenda: “But
I had a mission and the mission was to get rid of stereotypes and make people
understand a little bit more of what a Latin performer, Latin sound, can be”
(New York Magazine, June 1999, 44). “I wanted my performance
to change stereotypes. It’s a mission I guess we all have, and I just
wanted to bring something refreshing, maybe something futuristic” (Interview,
June 1999, 102). Certainly, his missionary campaign is well exemplified in his
refusal to do a West Side Story remake starring with Jennifer: “It
would represent gangs and stereotypes about my culture.” (Newsweek,
31 May 1999, 72) In these terms, this new generation does not have to sacrifice
their cultural roots (like other Latinos/as did in the past), can somehow resist
assimilation, and can counterattack offensive and negative representations of
Latinos/as. However, stereotypes are always there, awaiting for mobilization.
The best example is Ricky’s song “Spanish Eyes.” He meets
a woman in Rio at the carnival and dances a tango with her. This cultural and
geographic nightmare gets out of hand with a flamenco singer in the background
and as the flamenco rhythm by mid song turns into salsa, Caramba, what
a mess! Carmen Miranda did the same in the 40s. And we thought we had come a
long way...
What is fascinating about Ricky is how his sexuality has been
packaged as a heterosexual man who embraces his gay following. The best attempt
to advertise his assumed heterosexuality is his cover picture in Rolling
Stone of August 1999, which exposes his sexy midriff skin while floating
in a simulated swimming pool. Compulsory heterosexuality is reinforced by framing
him with naked bodies of white women who float around him like in a Ziegfield
choreography. It is the headline that safeguards his hetero identity by anchoring
him within the discursive realm and horizon of expectations of compulsory heterosexuality:
“Ricky gets Deep Talking Sex, Love, Marriage & Yoga.” But is
it that fácil to pin down Ricky as a heterosexual? His picture in the
cover of The Advocate, July 1999, where he poses seductively and a
headline reads “The Gay Connection,” complicates his sexual preference,
but does not out his sexual orientation. The article leaves more to the imagination
than giving an answer, however it makes explicit his tolerance to gay fans,
his cross-gender appeal, and points out his ambiguity when asked about his sexuality.
Despite gay rumors, he has incredibly succeeded keeping his privacy in place,
as he has openly insisted: “But what I say about sexuality is, I leave
it for my room and I lock the door. I go back to my culture. It’s something
you don’t talk about. At home you don’t talk about it.”, (Interview,
June 1999, 104) In New York Magazine, July 1999, he again addresses
his sexuality in all its ambiguity:
... in the end, it’s my space, it’s
my house, and it’s not only for me, but also I have a mother, and I have
a sister and brothers, and I have a father. And some people want to cause them
pain. People are out there just wanting to destroy it. They see you happy; They
don’t like when they see you happy. They just want to break that magic.
So you’ve got to ignore them and just pray for those souls that just want
to do you harm. I don’t owe them anything. (5)
Is he saying that he is gay without saying it? Are we supposed
to read between the lines? Why the silence? Why is he so reluctant to come out
if he is gay? More important than answering these questions is to observe how
he finds refuge in Latin American, Spanish, and Latino cultures where homophobia
is the law and homosexuality is taboo. Can it be that in this computerized age
of ours, where the preponderance of the digital image over the real body/person
prevails, the manufactured Ricky in video, CDs, and in the internet eludes real
body-to-body contact and sexual acts? If so, Ricky incarnates a new sexuality
which makes him a safe sex symbol in our new construction of the body and practices
of sexuality in the time of AIDS. Furthermore, after silencing homosexuality,
he goes a step further: he intervenes advocating compassion for Latino gay men
with AIDS:
...and I talk about AIDS. There is a song [on
my last album] Vuelve that means: ‘“Thanks for thinking
about me.” It was written by Renato Russo, a great person and composer
who died because of AIDS. He wrote this song right before he passed away. I
have to do something to keep his music alive.” (Interview, June
1999, 105)
By doing so, Ricky emerges as a cool guy who exposes his friendship
with gay men, an act that also implies his interaction with a gay world. He
is known for “LIVING LA VIDA LOCA” and he is well aware of the vida
de las locas, yet, that does not mean that he has to announce that he is
loca (common word for gay) since culturally that it is not permissible.
In the end, he is just a hot commodity who crosses all borders and in doing
so he evades any fixation: his music blurs all genres and his sexual identity
depends on his fans’ sexual orientation.
For some the euforia accompanying the Latino/a music cross over
constitutes the ultimate commodification of Latino culture. Some lament that
it has overshadowed real issues like school drop outs, AIDS, delinquency, domestic
abuse, teenage pregnancy, underemployment, poverty and other types of social
ills affecting Latino communities. Some allege that what has taken place is
the mainstreaming of Latino music in English and not the embracing of Latinos/as,
Latino culture, and Spanish language. Mark Anthony’s declaration is enough
evidence for those who assume such a position: “We are not doing Latin
music on our English stuff. Latintinged, yes” (Time, May 1999,
79). Some resent that all Latinos/as are dumped in the same shopping bag without
considering differences.
La verdad es que all these performers have
complicated what it means to be a Latino/a. As James E. Olmos told Jennifer:
“You are very important to your community” (Elle, July
1999, 170). As ambassadors, under the pressure of the burden of representation,
they have the must difficult task to accomplish, that is, to represent Latinos/as
and Latinidad. No se puede ignorar que all of them have achieved a
status of cultural heroes. Like it or not, they are redefining and reimagining
the American Dream and what it means to be an American. It cannot be denied
that as they cross over they are not only leaving home but also searching for
a route to come back, whatever that means en español or English.
Jennifer is a visionary in this manner when explaining why she entitled her
album On the 6, referring to the subway line in NYC that goes to the
Bronx: “On the 6 'cause that’s how I got where I was going,
but it was also how I’d get back home” (Elle, July 1999,
169).
By emphasizing their border identities, by singing in Spanish
and English, by advancing Latinidad, Latino/a performers are undermining the
appropriation of “America” by Anglo imperialism and ethnocentrism.
They are redrawing the map of the hemispheres and forging a new notion of the
Americas. In these terms, to be a Latino means to recover a past, a cultural
heritage from Latin America and to place ourselves within a Latin American and
Latino/a identity continuum which validates and legitimates U.S. Latino/a identities.
Just a mere act of having a Spanish surname, of being dark skinned, of eating
ethnic foods, of being a child of a mixed marriage, of dancing salsa or quebradita
or merengue, of speaking some Spanish words or willing to learn Spanish,
of buying records of Latino/a or Latin American pop idols, of watching Spanish
TV, of taking Latino courses in college, of going to a concert, of collecting
magazines with Latino/a faces on the covers, makes a new generation of Latinos/as
practitioners of Latinidad. 1999 showed that U.S. Latinos/as, Latinidad, and
el español are alive and well in the U.S.: Nuestra América
is still ours y lo será en el new millennium.
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