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Volume 7 Issue 1 (2009) DOI:10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.343

Note: Linguistic Discovery uses Unicode characters to represent phonetic symbols. Please see Optimizing Display for requirements to accurately reproduce this page.

Mono Digital Wordlist: Presentation Form

Kenneth S. Olson

SIL International and University of North Dakota

Mbakuwuse Tshangbaita

Communauté Évangélique du Christ en Ubangi

This paper presents a 204-item digital wordlist of Mono, an Ubangian language spoken in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.^[1] The wordlist includes orthographic and broad phonetic transcriptions of each word, French and English glosses, an individual WAV recording of each item, GIF images of the original field transcriptions, and metadata for resource discovery. An archival form of the wordlist was deposited into an institutional archive (the SIL Language and Culture Archives) and includes the original WAV digital recording, descriptive markup encoding of the wordlist in XML employing Unicode 5.1 transcription, TIFF images of the original field transcriptions, and the metadata record. The presentation form was then generated directly from the archival form.

1. Introduction

This paper presents a 204-item digital wordlist of core vocabulary in the Bili dialect of Mono, a language spoken by about 65,000 people in the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (ISO 639–3 code: [mnh ], Lewis 2009). This presentation form was generated from an archival form of the data. The procedure we followed for creating both forms is detailed in Simons et al. (2007) and summarized below.

In addition to a description of the primary data in the form of phonetic transcription, we provide a documentation of the data in the form of digital audio recordings (cf. Himmelmann 1998, Himmelmann 2006:17–25), enabling the reader to verify and critique our transcription. This is important for this particular wordlist because Mono has some unusual phonological phenomena, including a phonemic bilabial flap /ⱱ̟/^[2] (Olson and Hajek 1999, 2003, 2004); an eight-vowel system with fewer front vowels than back vowels /i, e, ɨ, ə, a, u, o, ɔ/; labialization and palatalization realized as [o̯] and [e̯], respectively, that can accompany (among other segments) /h/ and /ʔ/; echo vowel epenthesis causing a /CLV₁/ (L=liquid) underlying syllable pattern to be realized as [CV₁LV₁]; prothetic augmentation of subminimal nominal roots which, when combined with echo vowel epenthesis, leads to overapplication resulting in a non-surface-apparent opacity effect /CLV₁/ → [V₁CV₁LV₁]; and leftward vowel feature spreading subject to implicational restrictions (Olson 2005).

The materials included in this presentation of the data include the following:

Wordlist: the present report, containing for each word a French and an English gloss, orthographic and broad phonetic transcriptions, and pertinent notes.
Recordings: WAV^[3] digital recordings of each item, accessible by clicking on the orthographic form of each word in the list below. Your web browser will attempt to play the recording with the sound program that is set up as the default WAV player on your system. On Windows computers, you can download the file in the HTML version of the paper by right-clicking on the icon and selecting “Save Target As…” from the pull-down menu.
Field transcriptions: GIF images of the field transcriptions of the data.
Metadata: a description of the data, useful for resource discovery.

The original wordlist materials included two items: a two-page paper wordlist and a 12-minute audio cassette recording. The paper wordlist presented the standardized wordlist of 204 items in French from Moñino (1988), along with the elicited Mono forms. The first author translated the wordlist into Mono with assistance from the second author (the language resource person), employing a broad phonetic transcription based on the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA 1999).

The wordlist was recorded on September 26, 1994 in Bili, Équateur Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The recording was made with a Marantz PMD 420 analog cassette recorder and a Shure dynamic microphone. The language resource person was an adult male mother-tongue speaker of Mono, 35 years old at the time of the recording. During the recording session, the subject read from the paper wordlist and produced each target word once (cf. Olson 2005:121).

The recording was digitized at the International Linguistics Center (ILC) in Dallas, Texas on March 9, 2005 by Roger E. Olson. The audio cassette was played on a Marantz PMD 221 analog cassette recorder, and the recording was digitized onto a standard Windows XP computer using a Tascam US-122 USB Audio/Midi interface and CoolEdit 2000 for audio capture.

The recording was digitized at a 48 kHz sampling rate and a 24-bit word length, which according to IASA-TC03 (2005:8) is the minimum recommended digital resolution for the archiving of analog originals. (Plichta and Kornbluh 2002 recommend 96 kHz and 24 bits.) The recordings were stored in non-compressed WAV format, also the recommended industry standard (IASA-TC03 2005:8).

At present, the hardware of many computers does not handle 48 kHz, 24-bit audio. For the purpose of the presentation form, then, the audio recording was downsampled using CoolEdit 2000 to 44.1 kHz, 16-bit (i.e. standard audio CD quality) applying a low-pass pre-filter to the data in order to prevent aliasing (Ladefoged 1996:139–140). This sampling rate is sufficient for technical purposes since it covers nearly all acoustic information pertinent to language (Ladefoged 2003:18,26).

The two-page paper wordlist was digitized on May 14, 2008 by the first author on an HP Scanjet 4070 Photosmart Scanner at archival quality (8-bit grayscale, 300 dpi, saved as uncompressed TIFF files, cf. MATRIX 2001). These files were then converted to 96 dpi interlaced GIF files for the presentation form using Adobe Photoshop Elements 3.0.

The first author produced an English gloss of each item from the original French, generated an orthographic transcription from the original phonetic transcription, modified the phonetic transcription to bring it in line with the extant version of the IPA (IPA 2006), and added clarifying notes to certain entries. These data were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet using Unicode 5.1 characters [http://www.unicode.org ], converted to a comma-delimited (CSV) file, and imported into TableTrans v. 1.2 software (Bird et al. 2002), where they were time-aligned to the original audio recording by Judy Kuntz at the ILC on November 12–13, 2007. This annotation was outputted to an XML annotation graph output [http://www.w3.org/XML/ ] and transformed into an XML descriptive wordlist format using an XSLT script.

The original digitized WAV file, the digitized TIFF field transcription, the XML descriptive wordlist, and a metadata record constitute the archival form of the wordlist (Olson 2008). The metadata record follows the standard set up by the Open Language Archives Community (OLAC) [http://www.language-archives.org/OLAC/metadata.html ].^[4] A copy of the archival materials can be ordered on CD-ROM for a nominal fee from:

SIL Language and Culture Archives

7500 W Camp Wisdom Rd

Dallas, TX 75236 USA

archive_dallas@sil.org

The presentation form of the wordlist was then generated from the archival form. An XSLT script was employed to convert the archival XML descriptive wordlist into an HTML presentation wordlist. Then, TableTrans was used to automatically create individual sound files corresponding to each of the segments identified in the transcription process for use in the presentation form.

The data in this wordlist include certain limitations. First, there is no spoken prompt on the recording for each item. A prompt would make clear on the recording the meaning of each individual item, which could be important if the recording were separated from the annotations and descriptive markup. Second, the items are spoken in isolation rather than in carrier sentences. A carrier sentence might help avoid list intonation and make it easier to measure the length of some sounds (e.g. word-initial stops) (cf. Ladefoged 2003:7–8). Third, each word was produced only once. Recording two or three tokens of each word could help ensure that there were no mispronunciations (cf. items 45, 55, and 181). Fourth, only one speaker was recorded. Recording a larger number of speakers could help ensure that the data reflect the language as a whole and not an individual’s idiolect. Ladefoged (2003:14) recommends recording half a dozen speakers of each sex. Finally, the recording was made with a dynamic microphone, whereas condenser microphones typically provide a better frequency range (cf. Ladefoged 2003:19).

2. Wordlist

See complete resource description (i.e. metadata).

See field transcriptions:

Page 1 (items 1–99)
Page 2 (items 100–204)

Download XML descriptive markup of the wordlist.

Item	French gloss	English gloss	Orthography	IPA	Notes
1.	abeille	bee	waterœ	[wátèrə̀]
2.	acide (vb)	tart	ikpi	[íkpí]	adjective
3.	aile	wing	ombo	[ōmbō]
4.	aller	go	kœna	[kə́nà]
5.	amer (vb)	be bitter	kœshu	[kúʃù]
6.	animal	animal	agya	[àɡe̯à]
7.	année	year	ungu	[úŋɡú]
8.	appeler	call	kœ'e	[kéʔè]
9.	arbre	tree	ɔyɔ	[ɔ̄jɔ̄]
10.	attacher; lier	attach; tie	kœ'i	[kíʔì]
11.	blanc	white	imbi	[ímbí]
12.	boire	drink	kœndjo	[kə́ndʒò]
13.	bon (être)	good	ɔtshɔ	[ɔ́tʃɔ́]	adjective
			kœga	[kə́ɡà]	verb
14.	bouche	mouth	ama	[àmà]
15.	bras/main	arm/hand	kane	[kāné]
16.	brouillard	mist; fog	ondoro	[ōndōrō]
17.	brûler (intr.)	burn (intr.)	kœju	[kúʒù]
18.	brûler (trans.)	burn (tr.)	kœsho	[kóʃò]
			kœsho owo	[kóʃò òwò]
19.	ceci	this	asœ	[ásə́]
20.	celà	that	asœ 'ba'e	[ásə́ ɓáʔē]	location
21.	ce (en question)	this			no entry
22.	cendres	ash	vorowo	[vōrōwò]
23.	champ	garden	kɨndɨ	[kɨ̄ndɨ̄]
24.	charbon	charcoal	ngɨrɨwo	[ŋɡɨ̄rɨ̄wò]
25.	chaud/chauffer	hot/heat	kœwo	[kówò]	verb
			owo	[òwò]	adjective
26.	chemin	path	awa	[āwā]
27.	chèvre	goat	yaburu	[jābùrù]
28.	chien	dog	yavoro	[jāvóró]
29.	chose	thing	œrœ	[ə̀rə̀]
30.	cinq	five	mindu	[mīndûː]
31.	cœur	heart	ulu	[ùlù]	the organ
			losu	[lòsù]	figurative
32.	colline/termitière	hill	kaga	[kàɡà]	mountain; large hill
			koto	[kòtò]	small hill
33.	compter	count	kœdɨ	[kɨ́dɨ̀]
34.	connaître	know	kœwu sœ	[kúwù sə́]
35.	corde	rope	uwu	[úwú]
36.	corne	horn	ɨdɨ	[ɨ̀dɨ̀]
37.	cou/gorge	neck/throat	ɨgɨ	[ɨ̄ɡɨ̄]	neck
			angɔrɔ	[àŋɡɔ́rɔ́]	throat
38.	couper (couteau)	cut	kœwa	[kówà]
39.	couper (hache)	chop	kœsherœ	[kə́ʃèrə̀]	split
			kœgara	[kə́ɡàrà]	cut grass; mow; weed
			kœdjo	[kódʒò]	hoe; cut with axe
			kœde	[kə́dè]	chop; cut down tree; cut firewood
40.	cracher	spit	kœtu ngushi	[kútù ŋɡúʃī]
41.	creuser	dig	kœdji	[kídʒì]
42.	cuire	cook	kœfa	[kə́fà]
43.	cuisse	thigh	uku	[ūkū]
44.	cul; fondement	bottom	budu	[bùdú]
45.	cultiver	cultivate	kœdjo	[kóndʒò]	should be [kódʒò]?
46.	danser	dance	kœvi	[kívì]
47.	debout (être)	stand	kœ'ala fo	[kə́ʔàlà fó]
48.	dent	tooth	iji	[īʒī]
49.	deux	two	bisha	[bīʃà]
50.	dire	say	kœpa	[kə́pà]
51.	donner	give	kœza	[kə́zà]
52.	dormir	sleep	kœlo olo	[kólò ōlō]
53.	droite (à)	right	kuni	[kūnì]
			kane yakoshe	[kāné jākōʃē]
54.	eau	water	ungu	[úŋɡú]
55.	écorce	bark	katshu ɔyɔ	[kótʃū ɔ̄jɔ̄]	should be [kátʃū ɔ̄jɔ̄]?
56.	éléphant	elephant	mbala	[mbàlà]
57.	enfant	child	gbolo	[ɡbòlò]
58.	enfanter	give birth	kœzu	[kúzù]
59.	enfler	swell	kœmerœ	[kə́mèrə̀]	swell
			kœbe	[kébè]	become fat
60.	entendre	hear	kœdji	[kə́dʒì]
61.	envoyer	send	kœvwa	[kə́ⱱ̟à]
62.	épine	thorn	ishi	[ìʃì]
63.	étoile	star	angerepe	[àŋɡérépè]
64.	étranger	stranger	gene	[ɡènè]
65.	excréments	excrement	uyu	[ūjū]
66.	façonner (pot)	make (clay pot)	kœmbœrœ losu	[kə́mbə̀rə̀ lōsú]
67.	fagot	firewood	yawo	[jāwò]
68.	faim	hunger	ogo	[òɡò]
69.	farine	flour	zuwa	[zúwā]
70.	femme	female	yashe	[jāʃē]
71.	fer	iron	kowo	[kōwō]
			yarako	[jārākō]
72.	feu	fire	owo	[òwò]
73.	feuille	leaf	kako ɔyɔ	[kākó ɔ̄jɔ̄]
74.	filet	net	gbanda	[ɡbándà]
75.	finir	finish	kœka	[kə́kà]
76.	flèche	arrow	wele	[wélé]	arrow
			akwara	[àko̯àrà]	arrowhead
77.	foie	liver	ulu	[ùlù]	heart; cf. [èbè] ‘liver’
78.	forger	forge	kœtɔ ndawo	[kə́tɔ̀ ndàwò]
79.	frapper; battre	hit	kœda	[kə́dà]
80.	froid (être)	cold	izi	[ɨ̀zɨ̀]	adjective
81.	fructifier	bear fruit	kœle	[kélè]
82.	fumée	smoke	ngawo	[ŋɡáwò]
83.	gauche (à)	left	kane yashe	[kāné jāʃē]
			gele	[ɡèlè]
84.	genou	knee	koda	[kōdà]
85.	graisse/huile	fat/oil	kada	[kádá]	oil
			ojoro	[ōʒōrō]	fat
86.	grand	big	egerœ	[éɡérə́]
87.	gratter (se)	scrape	kœnguru	[kə́ŋɡùrù]
88.	griller	grill	kœzo	[kə́zò]
			kœvoro	[kóvòrò]
89.	guerre	war	kowo	[kōwō]	large-scale war
			koshe	[kōʃē]
90.	herbe	grass	gusu	[ɡūsū]
91.	homme	male	yakoshe	[jākōʃē]
92.	hyène	hyena	avwɨ	[àⱱ̟ɨ́]
93.	il	he	eshe	[èʃè]	he or she
94.	ils	they	œndje	[ə̀ndʒē]
95.	intestins	intestines	sheta	[ʃétá]
96.	je	I	œmœ	[ə̄mə̄]
97.	jumeaux	twins	ameya	[àméjā]	morphology: PL-meya
98.	lancer; jeter	throw	kœvwi	[kə́ⱱ̟ì]
99.	langue (organe)	tongue	tima	[tīmà]
100.	laver	wash	kœyuto	[kə́jùtò]
101.	long	long	ɨngɨrɨ	[ɨ̄ŋɡɨ̄rɨ̄]	long or tall
102.	lourd	heavy	kœlɨ	[kə́lɨ̀]
103.	lune	moon	yapu	[jápū]
104.	maison	house	anda	[àndà]
105.	manger	eat	kœzɨ	[kə́zɨ̀]
106.	marche/marcher	walk	kœna ana	[kə́nà áná]	verb
107.	mauvais (être)	bad	ekpe	[ékpé]	adjective
108.	mère	mother	iya	[íjā]
			ayi	[àjī]
109.	montagne	mountain	kaga	[kàɡà]
110.	mordre	bite	kœlo	[kólò]
111.	mortier	mortar	gafuru	[ɡàfūrū]
112.	mouche	fly	voma	[vōmā]
113.	mourir	die	kœtshu	[kútʃù]
114.	ne…pas	not	nene	[nēnē]
115.	neuf; nouveau	new	tafo	[tāfò]
116.	nez	nose	ngawu	[ŋɡāwū]
117.	noir	black	ubu	[ūbū]
118.	nom	name	ɨ'ɨrɨ	[ɨ̄ʔɨ̄rɨ̄]
119.	nombreux (être)	be many	kœngba	[kə́ŋɡbà]
120.	nombril	navel	peya	[pējà]	“innie”
			turugu	[túrúɡù]	“outie”
121.	nous	we	a'a	[āʔā]	exclusive
			azœ	[àzə́]	inclusive
122.	nuit	night	abutshɔ	[àbūtʃɔ́]
123.	œil/visage	eye/face	ala	[àlà]	eye
			tshatshu	[tʃátʃū]	face
124.	œuf	egg	oporo	[ōpōrō]
125.	oiseau	bird	yanu	[jānū]
126.	oncle (maternel)	uncle	a'u	[àʔú]
127.	ongle/griffe	nail/claw	sungupe yɔkɔne	[sūŋɡúpé jɔ̄kɔ̄né]
128.	oreille	ear	utu	[ūtū]
129.	os	bone	ngbabi	[ŋɡbābī]
130.	panthère	panther	gava	[ɡàvà]	panther
			muru	[múrú]	leopard
131.	peau	skin/fur	ɔkɔ	[ɔ́kɔ́]
132.	père	father	aba	[àbá]
133.	personne; gens	person	uzu	[ūzū]
134.	petit	small	aya	[ājā]
			teasho	[tâːʃō]
135.	peur	fear	awa	[àwà]
136.	pied	foot	ada	[àdà]
137.	pierre/caillou	rock/pebble	badja	[bàdʒà]	rock; cf. [tāmè] ‘pebble’
138.	plaie	wound	uku	[ùkù]
139.	planter	plant	kœlu	[kúlù]	plant a seed
			kœshi	[kə́ʃì]	plant a shoot or stem
140.	plein (être)	be full	kœsu	[kúsù]
141.	pleurer (pleurs)	cry (tears)	kœkɨ	[kɨ́kɨ̀]	cry
142.	pluie	rain	yavuru	[jāvūrū]
143.	poil/plume	hair/feathers	usu yanu	[ùsù jānū]	feathers
			usu	[ùsù]	hair or feathers
144.	poisson	fish	agya tshala ngu	[àɡe̯à tʃálà ŋɡú]
145.	pou	louse	atsho	[àtʃó]
146.	poule	hen	ngɔto	[ŋɡɔ̄tō]	chicken
147.	pourri (être)	be rotten	kœfu	[kúfù]	verb
			ufu	[ūfū]	adjective
148.	prendre	take	kœza	[kə́zà]
149.	profond (être)	deep	ili	[ílí]	adjective
150.	puiser	draw (water)	kœsu	[kúsù]
151.	quatre	four	vana	[vànā]
152.	queue	tail	damba	[dàmbá]
153.	qui?	who?	e'de	[èɗè]
154.	quoi?	what?	ga'de	[ɡàɗè]
155.	racine	root	eshe ɔyɔ	[ēʃē ɔ̄jɔ̄]	tree root
			eshe	[ēʃē]	root
156.	respirer	breathe	kœwu	[kúwù]
157.	rester; être assis	stay; sit down	kœsœ gati	[kə́sə̀ ɡàtɨ́]	sit down
158.	rire	laugh	kœmœ œmœ	[kə́mɔ̀ ɔ̄mɔ̄]
159.	rosée	dew	ngome	[ŋɡómē]	dew
			ondoro	[ōndōrō]	mist
160.	rouge	red	odoro	[ódóró]
161.	sable	sand	mindu	[mīndū]
162.	sagaie	spear	udu	[ūdū]
163.	saison des pluies	rainy season	ungu yavuru	[úŋɡú jāvūrū]
164.	saison sèche	dry season	ngbugu	[ŋɡbúɡú]
165.	salive	saliva	ngushi	[ŋɡúʃī]
166.	sang	blood	indji	[īndʒī]
167.	sec (être)	dry	ɔ'ɔrɔ	[ɔ́ʔɔ́rɔ́]	adjective
168.	sein	breast	ɔngɔ	[ɔ̀ŋɡɔ̀]
169.	sel	salt	ɨngbɨrɨ	[ɨ̄ŋɡbɨ̄rɨ̀]
170.	semence/graine	seed/grain	indji	[índʒí]
			ele ɔyɔ	[élé ɔ̄jɔ̄]
171.	sentir (intr.)	smell	kœfu	[kúfù]	verb
			ufu	[ūfū]	adjective
172.	serpent	snake	yakoro	[jākóró]
173.	soleil	sun	ɔlɔ	[ɔ̀lɔ̀]
174.	souffler	blow	kœ'uru owo	[kúʔùrù òwò]
175.	sucer	suck	kœ'a	[kə́ʔà]
176.	sucré (être)	be sweet	kœndu	[kə́ndù]
177.	termite	termite	bobo	[bòbò]
			anda abobo	[àndà àbòbò]	termite hill; morphology: àndà PL-bòbò
178.	terre; sol	earth; soil	ɔshɔ	[ɔ̀ʃɔ̀]
179.	tête	head	kumu	[kūmù]
180.	téter	nurse	kœ'a ɔngɔ	[kə́ʔà ɔ̀ŋɡɔ̀]
181.	tomber	fall	kœtɔ	[kə́tè]	should be [kə́tɔ̀]?
182.	tortue	turtle	bakongɔ	[bākòŋɡɔ̄]
183.	tous; tout	all	kɔ	[kɔ́]
184.	tousser	cough	kœtekɔ	[kə́tèkɔ̀]
185.	tranchant (être)	be sharp	kœki	[kə́kì]
186.	transpercer	pierce; stab	kœsu	[kúsù]
187.	travail	work	akwa	[àko̯à]
188.	trois	three	votɔ	[vōtɔ̀]
189.	trou	hole	kudu	[kùdú]	e.g. pit
			ogoro	[ōɡōrō]	e.g. hole in wall
190.	tu	you (2sg)	œ'bœ	[ə̀ɓə̀]
191.	tuer	kill	kœwo	[kówò]
192.	un	one	bale	[bàlē]
193.	urine	urine	ngindi	[ŋɡɨ́ndɨ̄]
194.	venir	come	kœna	[kə́nà]	‘go’ or ‘come’
			kœgu	[kúɡù]
195.	vent	wind	yugu	[jùɡú]
196.	ventre	abdomen	uvu	[ūvū]
197.	viande/chair	meat/flesh	songba	[sóŋɡbā]
			dœngɔ	[dɔ̀ŋɡɔ́]	non-starch (greens or meat)
198.	village	village	ogo	[ōɡō]
199.	voir	see	kœwu	[kúwù]
200.	voler (oiseau)	fly	kœru	[kə́rù]
201.	voler; dérober	steal	kœzɨ angba	[kə́zɨ̀ āŋɡbā]
202.	vomir	vomit	kœndja	[kə́ndʒà]
203.	vouloir	want	kœyi ndœ	[kə́jì ndə́]
204.	vous	you (2pl)	e'e	[ēʔē]

References

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^[1]We wish to thank Judy Kuntz, Roger Olson, and Gary Simons for technical and logistic assistance. The fieldwork for this study was conducted under the auspices of SIL International and by invitation of the Communauté Évangélique du Christ en Ubangi. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Athens, Georgia, April 2008.

^[2]The right-hook v symbol < ⱱ> was added to Unicode version 5.1 at code point U+2C71. Proper rendering of the symbol in the HTML edition of this paper requires the Doulos SIL font version 4.104 or later: [http://scripts.sil.org/DoulosSILfont].

^[3]Definitions of WAV, XML, XSLT, and other pertinent terms employed here are available at [http://emeld.org/school/glossary.html].

^[4]An alternative standard for linguistic metadata has been proposed called the ISLE Meta Data Initiative. See [http://www.mpi.nl/IMDI/] for more details.